11. Jeuring SF, van den Heuvel TR, Zeegers MP, et al. Epidemiology and long-term outcome of inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed at elderly age-an increasing distinct entity? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016;22:1425–1434.
12. Wei H, Zhao Y, Xiang L. Bone health in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023;17:921–935.
13. Adachi JD, Rostom A. Metabolic bone disease in adults with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 1999;5:200–211.
14. Ghosh S, Cowen S, Hannan WJ, Ferguson A. Low bone mineral density in Crohn’s disease, but not in ulcerative colitis, at diagnosis. Gastroenterology 1994;107:1031–1039.
17. Ahn HJ, Kim YJ, Lee HS, et al. High risk of fractures within 7 years of diagnosis in asian patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;20:e1022–e1039.
19. Ludvigsson JF, Mahl M, Sachs MC, et al. Fracture risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study from 1964 to 2014. Am J Gastroenterol 2019;114:291–304.
22. Reinecker HC, Steffen M, Witthoeft T, et al. Enhanced secretion of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1 beta by isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells from patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1993;94:174–181.
23. Neurath MF, Finotto S. IL-6 signaling in autoimmunity, chronic inflammation and inflammation-associated cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011;22:83–89.
24. Blaschke M, Koepp R, Cortis J, et al. IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α only in combination influence the osteoporotic phenotype in Crohn’s patients via bone formation and bone resorption. Adv Clin Exp Med 2018;27:45–56.
27. Tilg H, Moschen AR, Kaser A, Pines A, Dotan I. Gut, inflammation and osteoporosis: basic and clinical concepts. Gut 2008;57:684–694.
29. Vernia P, Loizos P, Di Giuseppantonio I, Amore B, Chiappini A, Cannizzaro S. Dietary calcium intake in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2014;8:312–317.
30. Ananthakrishnan AN. Vitamin D and inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2016;12:513–515.
31. Nielsen OH, Rejnmark L, Moss AC. Role of vitamin D in the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2018;12:742–752.
32. Bischoff SC, Bager P, Escher J, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Nutr 2023;42:352–379.
37. Zhao X, Zhou C, Chen H, et al. Efficacy and safety of medical therapy for low bone mineral density in patients with Crohn disease: a systematic review with network meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e6378.
40. Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020;21:300–307e2.
43. Ryan E, McNicholas D, Creavin B, Kelly ME, Walsh T, Beddy D. Sarcopenia and inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019;25:67–73.
44. Labarthe G, Dolores M, Verdalle-Cazes M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of body composition parameters in Crohn’s disease. Dig Liver Dis 2020;52:878–884.
47. Ge X, Jiang L, Yu W, et al. The importance of sarcopenia as a prognostic predictor of the clinical course in acute severe ulcerative colitis patients. Dig Liver Dis 2021;53:965–971.
48. Grillot J, D’Engremont C, Parmentier AL, et al. Sarcopenia and visceral obesity assessed by computed tomography are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with Crohn’s disease. Clin Nutr 2020;39:3024–3030.
51. Schneider SM, Al-Jaouni R, Filippi J, et al. Sarcopenia is prevalent in patients with Crohn’s disease in clinical remission. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:1562–1568.
52. Bryant RV, Ooi S, Schultz CG, et al. Low muscle mass and sarcopenia: common and predictive of osteopenia in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015;41:895–906.
55. DiFedele LM, He J, Bonkowski EL, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade restores growth hormone signaling in murine colitis. Gastroenterology 2005;128:1278–1291.
59. Kai Y, Takahashi I, Ishikawa H, et al. Colitis in mice lacking the common cytokine receptor gamma chain is mediated by IL-6-producing CD4+ T cells. Gastroenterology 2005;128:922–934.
60. Shimizu N, Yoshikawa N, Ito N, et al. Crosstalk between glucocorticoid receptor and nutritional sensor mTOR in skeletal muscle. Cell Metab 2011;13:170–182.
66. Valentini L, Schaper L, Buning C, et al. Malnutrition and impaired muscle strength in patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in remission. Nutrition 2008;24:694–702.
67. Fatani H, Olaru A, Stevenson R, et al. Systematic review of sarcopenia in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Nutr 2023;42:1276–1291.
69. Kim HK, Suzuki T, Saito K, et al. Effects of exercise and amino acid supplementation on body composition and physical function in community-dwelling elderly Japanese sarcopenic women: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012;60:16–23.
73. Zhang T, Ding C, Xie T, et al. Skeletal muscle depletion correlates with disease activity in ulcerative colitis and is reversed after colectomy. Clin Nutr 2017;36:1586–1592.
74. Subramaniam K, Fallon K, Ruut T, et al. Infliximab reverses inflammatory muscle wasting (sarcopenia) in Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015;41:419–428.
75. Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, et al. The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:777–783.
76. Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society classification criteria for peripheral spondyloarthritis and for spondyloarthritis in general. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:25–31.
77. Dougados M, van der Linden S, Juhlin R, et al. The European Spondylarthropathy Study Group preliminary criteria for the classification of spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:1218–1227.
78. Karreman MC, Luime JJ, Hazes JMW, Weel AEAM. The Prevalence and incidence of axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crohns Colitis 2017;11:631–642.
79. Vavricka SR, Rogler G, Gantenbein C, et al. Chronological order of appearance of extraintestinal manifestations relative to the time of IBD diagnosis in the swiss inflammatory bowel disease cohort. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015;21:1794–1800.
81. Asquith M, Sternes PR, Costello ME, et al. HLA alleles associated with risk of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis influence the gut microbiome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019;71:1642–1650.
82. Kim YS, Lee J. Musculoskeletal manifestation in inflammatory bowel disease. Korean J Gastroenterol 2019;73:276–284Korean.
83. Hedin CRH, Vavricka SR, Stagg AJ, et al. The pathogenesis of extraintestinal manifestations: implications for IBD research, diagnosis, and therapy. J Crohns Colitis 2019;13:541–554.
84. Qaiyum Z, Gracey E, Yao Y, Inman RD. Integrin and transcriptomic profiles identify a distinctive synovial CD8+ T cell subpopulation in spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2019;78:1566–1575.
85. Gracey E, Qaiyum Z, Almaghlouth I, et al. IL-7 primes IL-17 in mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which contribute to the Th17-axis in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:2124–2132.
89. Sheth T, Pitchumoni CS, Das KM. Musculoskeletal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease: a revisit in search of immunopathophysiological mechanisms. J Clin Gastroenterol 2014;48:308–317.
90. Carubbi F, Alunno A, Viscido A, et al. SpA plus IBD or IBD plus SpA: does commutative property apply? Autoimmun Rev 2023;22:103443.
91. Trikudanathan G, Venkatesh PG, Navaneethan U. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of extra-intestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Drugs 2012;72:2333–2349.
92. Ramiro S, Nikiphorou E, Sepriano A, et al. ASAS-EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis: 2022 update. Ann Rheum Dis 2023;82:19–34.
94. El Miedany Y, Youssef S, Ahmed I, El Gaafary M. The gastrointestinal safety and effect on disease activity of etoricoxib, a selective cox-2 inhibitor in inflammatory bowel diseases. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:311–317.
95. Sandborn WJ, Stenson WF, Brynskov J, et al. Safety of celecoxib in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission: a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:203–211.
96. Ribaldone DG, Fagoonee S, Astegiano M, et al. Coxib’s Safety in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis. Pain Physician 2015;18:599–607.
99. Conigliaro P, Chimenti MS, Triggianese P, et al. Two years follow-up of golimumab treatment in refractory enteropathic spondyloarthritis patients with Crohn disease: a STROBE-compliant study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021;100:e25122.
100. Rispo A, Scarpa R, Di Girolamo E, et al. Infliximab in the treatment of extra-intestinal manifestations of Crohn’s disease. Scand J Rheumatol 2005;34:387–391.
101. Macaluso FS, Fries W, Viola A, et al. Effectiveness of Ustekinumab on Crohn’s disease associated spondyloarthropathy: real-world data from the Sicilian Network for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (SN-IBD). Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020;20:1381–1384.
103. Varkas G, Thevissen K, De Brabanter G, et al. An induction or flare of arthritis and/or sacroiliitis by vedolizumab in inflammatory bowel disease: a case series. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76:878–881.
106. Schorr-Lesnick B, Brandt LJ. Selected rheumatologic and dermatologic manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1988;83:216–223.
108. Horton DB, Sherry DD, Baldassano RN, Weiss PF. Enthesitis is an extraintestinal manifestation of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Paediatr Rheumatol 2012;1:10.5455/apr.102920121510.
111. Bakewell CJ, Olivieri I, Aydin SZ, et al. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of psoriatic dactylitis: status and perspectives. J Rheumatol 2013;40:1951–1957.
113. Peluso R, Atteno M, Iervolino S, et al. Methotrexate in the treatment of peripheral arthritis in ulcerative colitis. Reumatismo 2009;61:15–20Italian.
114. Herfarth H, Obermeier F, Andus T, et al. Improvement of arthritis and arthralgia after treatment with infliximab (Remicade) in a German prospective, open-label, multicenter trial in refractory Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:2688–2690.
121. Buskila D, Odes LR, Neumann L, Odes HS. Fibromyalgia in inflammatory bowel disease. J Rheumatol 1999;26:1167–1171.
122. Palm O, Moum B, Jahnsen J, Gran JT. Fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a cross sectional population survey. J Rheumatol 2001;28:590–594.
123. Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, et al. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010;62:600–610.