Ileocolonoscopic findings in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a single center retrospective
study

Soo Min Ahn; Yong-Gil Kim; Seung-Hyeon Bae; Doo-Ho Lim; Seokchan Hong; Sang Hyoung Park; Chang-Keun Lee; Bin Yoo

doi:10.3904/kjim.2015.313

Korean J Intern Med > Volume 32(5); 2017 > Article

Ahn, Kim, Bae, Lim, Hong, Park, Lee, and Yoo: Ileocolonoscopic findings in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a single center retrospective study

Original Article

Rheumatology

Korean J Intern Med 2017;32(5):916-922.

Published online: August 11, 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2015.313

Ileocolonoscopic findings in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a single center retrospective study

Soo Min Ahn¹, Yong-Gil Kim¹, Seung-Hyeon Bae¹, Doo-Ho Lim¹, Seokchan Hong¹, Sang Hyoung Park², Chang-Keun Lee¹, Bin Yoo¹

¹Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

²Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to Yong-Gil Kim, M.D. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea Tel: +82-2-3010-3279 Fax: +82-2-3010-6969 E-mail: bestmd2000@amc.seoul.kr

Received September 15, 2015 Revised November 25, 2015 Accepted December 18, 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background/Aims

In some Western countries, up to 50% of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) have subclinical gut inflammation. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and severity of gut inflammation and to determine clinical factors associated with colonic inflammation in Korean AS patients who performed ileocolonoscopy without evidence of established inf lammatory bowel diseases before.

Methods

One hundred and eight AS patients who underwent ileocolonoscopy were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups based on gross ileocolonoscopic findings; patients with inflammatory lesions, and patients without inflammatory lesions.

Results

Inf lammatory lesions in ileocolonoscopic findings were found in 40 patients. The Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score C-reactive protein was higher in the group with inflammatory lesions and gut lesions were found often in the terminal ileum. The risk of inflammatory lesions was higher for AS patients whose symptoms required ileocolonoscopy than for AS patients who underwent routine ileocolonoscopy screening (odds ratio, 3.96). However, abnormal lesions were detected also in 17.6% of the patients who underwent ileocolonoscopy for routine screening and most of them were erosion and ulcer. Among patients with inflammatory lesions (n = 40), 23 showed subclinical gut inflammation associated with AS and 17 were diagnosed finally as Crohn’s disease (n = 12), intestinal tuberculosis (n = 4), and ulcerative colitis (n = 1).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that ileocolonoscopy might be recommended regularly in AS patients even without gastrointestinal symptoms, especially in the patients with high AS activity.

Keywords: Spondylitis, ankylosing; Colonoscopy; Inflammatory bowel diseases; Gastrointestinal diseases

INTRODUCTION

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is the most common subtype of spondyloarthritis (SpA), and is a chronic multisystemic inflammatory disorder predominantly affecting the axial skeleton. It is characterized by inflammatory back pain, sacroiliitis, arthritis of the large-bearing joints, and enthesopathy. The most common extra-articular manifestations in AS patients include uveitis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [1].

The prevalence of concurrent AS and IBD, either Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC), is estimated to be 5% to 10% [2-5]. Significant clinical and genetic overlap between AS and IBD has been reported [6-8]. Also clinical features of SpA may be an extraintestinal manifestation of IBD. Previous studies suggest that radiographic sacroiliitis in IBD patients is often asymptomatic, unilateral and weakly related to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 [9,10]. Ileocolonoscopy has revealed subclinical gut inflammation in up to 50% of AS patients, although the majority of these studies included asymptomatic AS patients living in Western countries [11-13]. There have been few studies that have investigated gastrointestinal symptoms or signs and gut inflammation in AS patients by ileocolonoscopy.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence and severity of gut inflammation by ileocolonoscopy and to determine clinical factors associated with colonic inflammation in South Korean AS patients who have never diagnosed IBD before.

METHODS

Patients

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 108 patients with AS who underwent ileocolonoscopy for the first time between January 2000 and April 2014 at a tertiary referral hospital in South Korea. All patients fulfilled the modified New York criteria for AS [14]. Patients with previously diagnosed CD, UC, intestinal tuberculosis, or colon cancer were excluded.

Patients were divided into two groups based on ileocolonoscopic results. The first group comprised patients with inflammatory lesions, including ulceration, erosion, erythema, or loss of vascularity. The second group comprised patients without inflammatory lesions and included normal findings, colon polyps, hemorrhoids, or diverticulum. Biopsy specimens were taken from patients with gut inflammation. Ileocolonoscopy was performed by an experienced gastroenterologist.

Demographic data and clinical characteristics

The clinical characteristics of patients with inflammatory lesions were compared to those of patients without inflammatory lesions. Baseline characteristics such as age, sex, underlying disease, medication history, presence of HLA-B27 and inflammatory markers were evaluated. The Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score and C-reactive protein (ASDAS-CRP) were used to evaluate disease activity [15]. Patients were divided into three groups according to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) use: a continuous-use group comprising patients who used NSAIDs at the time of ileocolonoscopy or within 1 week before, an intermittent-use group (at intervals), and a never-use group. Ileocolonoscopy was performed as part of a regular health checkup, or because of abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, constipation, anemia, and a positive fecal occult blood test. The inflammatory lesions were located in the terminal ileum, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, or rectum. The data were collected from a large clinical electronic database. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Asan Medical Center Institutional Review Board (20150314).

Statistical analysis

Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range). Categorical data are expressed as absolute number and percentage. Comparison of the frequencies of various findings among the patients groups was carried out using the Mann-Whitney U test, the chi-square test, or the linear-by-linear association test. Odds ratios (ORs) were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software version 21.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA).

RESULTS

Clinical characteristics of patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Of the 108 patients who underwent ileocolonoscopy between January 2000 and April 2014, inflammatory lesions were identified in 40 patients (37%). Demographic data and baseline clinical characteristics of the patients at the time of ileocolonoscopy are shown in Table 1. Patients with inflammatory lesions were younger than patients without inflammatory lesions. However, gender, duration of disease, and the presence of underlying diseases did not differ between both groups. The erythrocyte sediment rate (ESR), CRP level, and ASDAS-CRP score level in the group with inflammatory lesions were significantly higher than those of the group without inflammatory lesions (ESR, p = 0.014; CRP, p = 0.002; ASDAS-CRP, p = 0.001, respectively). The ASDAS-CRP cut-off scores were categorized into four groups based on values of AS disease activity [15]. High or very high AS activity was shown in 65% of patients with inflammatory gut lesions, while only 35.3% of patients without them. Trend analysis (linear-by-linear association) on the basis of ASDAS-CRP cut-off scores showed a significant association with inflammatory gut lesions (p = 0.001). The use of various drugs such as NSAIDs, sulfasalazine, antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) agent or methotrexate, did not differ between patients with inflammatory lesions and patients without inflammatory lesions.

Ileocolonoscopic findings in patients with AS

The most common sites involved were the terminal ileum (72.5%), the rectum (45.0%), and the cecum (42.5%) (Table 2). As shown in Table 3, in the 40 patients with inflammatory lesions, loss of vascularity was found in three patients, erythema in five patients, erosion in eight patients, and ulceration in 29 patients grossly. Confirmation of diagnosis in these patients was obtained by biopsy, which revealed CD (n = 12), UC (n = 1), intestinal tuberculosis (n = 4, one case with an old scar lesion), and subclinical gut inflammation (n = 23). Ileocolonoscopy revealed ileocolonic ulceration in all 16 patients with CD and intestinal tuberculosis. All 13 patients with both AS and IBD showed bilateral sacroiliitis on sacroiliac images and 69.2% of them were positive on HLA-B27, which was not different between patients with and without IBD.

Reasons for ileocolonoscopy in AS patients

In the 108 patients with AS, ileocolonoscopy was performed on 34 patients as a routine screening procedure, whereas it was performed on 74 patients with symptoms or signs of gut inflammation at the time of ileocolonoscopy. Inflammatory lesions were observed in six of 34 patients (17.6%) who underwent the ileocolonoscopy for screening purposes, and in 34 of 74 patients (45.9%) who had gastrointestinal symptoms or signs. The most common gastrointestinal symptoms were diarrhea (n = 22), abdominal pain (n = 21), and rectal bleeding (n = 15) (Table 3). AS patients who complained of symptoms or signs requiring ileocolonoscopy had higher risk of inflammatory gut lesions than those subjected to routine ileocolonoscopy without symptoms or signs (OR, 3.96; 95% CI, 1.47 to 10.71; p = 0.005). Among various reasons for ileocolonoscopy, abdominal pain was associated with gut inflammation most frequently (61.9%) and higher risk of gut inflammation than other gastrointestinal symptoms (OR, 3.61; 95% CI, 1.34 to 9.73; p = 0.008). Regardless of having gastrointestinal symptoms, ulcer was most frequent inflammatory gut lesion on ileocolonoscopy grossly.

DISCUSSION

Macroscopic and microscopic ileocolonic inflammation documented by ileocolonoscopy have been described in patients with AS. The prevalence of macroscopic colonic inflammation in ileocolonoscopy from patients with AS has been reported to be 7.8% to 36%, and 15% to 80% in microscopic colonic inflammation [11-13,16-22]. In the present study, macroscopic inflammation of the colon was found in 40 of 108 patients (37%) with AS. Similar to previous studies, we found the terminal ileum to be the most common site involved.

One of the aims of the present study was to determine clinical factors associated with colonic inflammation in AS patients in South Korea. In our study, higher serum levels of acute phase reactants (ESR and CRP) were detected in AS patients with inflammatory gut lesions. Furthermore, in accordance with ASDAS-CRP, higher disease activity was associated with inflammatory gut lesions. These findings suggest that macroscopic inflammation of the colon may be associated with high disease activity in AS patients. These findings are contrary to those of a previous study that showed serum levels of acute phase reactants to be similar in patients with AS, regardless of gut inflammation. However, in their study, higher bath AS disease activity index scores were found in patients with gut inflammation than in those without gut inflammation [20].

A recent study showed that in patients with SpA having gut inflammation at baseline, a significantly higher proportion was given anti-TNF agents later because of NSAID failure, high disease activity and elevated CRP [21]. However, in our study, although the patients were alternating between various anti-TNF agents during the follow-up period, no significant difference was found between AS patients with positive inflammatory lesions (32.5%) and those without inflammatory lesions (19.1%). Furthermore, it has been suggested that the use of NSAIDs could result in mucosal damages on the colon, such as erosions, ulcers, strictures, and perforation [23,24], though not yet been ascertained in our data.

Another interesting observation from this study, patients with gastrointestinal symptoms or signs demonstrated a high frequency of inflammatory gut lesions with an OR approximately four times greater than patients without gastrointestinal symptoms or signs. Abdominal pain was most commonly associated with inflammatory ileocolonoscopic findings. Similarly, previous study had found that the inflammatory gut lesions such as mucosal erythema or ulceration were observed more frequently in patients with irritable bowel syndrome than in general populations [25]. Furthermore, AS patients who underwent the ileocolonoscopy for screening purposes in our study showed relatively higher incidence of macroscopic inflammatory lesions (17.6%) compared to normal population (0.1% to 3.7%) [26-29]. And the severe inflammatory changes including erosion or the ulcer were frequently observed even in the patients without clinical symptoms or signs.

The main limitations of this study include its small sample size and retrospective design. We did not estimate microscopic colonic inflammation in AS patients, as it was not possible to evaluate random colonic biopsies. Despite these shortcomings, our results may be helpful for clinician to make decisions for AS patients with gastrointestinal symptoms.

In conclusion, in our study, inflammatory gut lesions were found in a considerable portion in Korean AS patients who have never been established IBDs before. And, erosion and ulcer were found by colonoscopy, even in some of AS patients without gastrointestinal symptoms. Therefore, regular checkup with ileocolonoscopy might be helpful detecting early inflammatory lesion in AS patients, especially in those with high disease activity.

KEY MESSAGE

1. Inflammatory gut lesions were frequently found in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients, even in patients without gastrointestinal problems.

2. Ileocolonoscopy might be recommended regularly in AS patients even without gastrointestinal symptoms, especially in the patients with high AS activity.

Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Asan Institute for Life Science (2014-463).

Table 1.

Demographic data and baseline clinical characteristics of patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Characteristic	Inflammatory lesion (+) (n = 40)	Inflammatory lesion (–) (n = 68)	p value
Age, yr	36.9 ± 11.9	41.9 ± 13.5	0.017
Male sex	33 (82.5)	53 (77.9)	NS
Disease duration, mon	52.4 ± 54.1	62.9 ± 80.4	NS
History of uveitis	8 (20.0)	14 (20.6)	NS
Family history of AS	2 (5.0)	2 (2.9)	NS
Positive HLA-B27	30 (78.9)	55 (84.6)	NS
ESR, mm/hr	39.3 ± 33.3	24.1 ± 21.8	0.014
CRP, mg/dL	3.14 ± 4.53	0.72 ± 1.27	0.002
Mean ASDAS: CRP	2.77 ± 1.33	1.94 ± 0.72	0.001
Back pain	4.38 ± 1.89	3.35 ± 1.49	0.006
Duration of morning stiffness	3.60 ± 1.88	2.86 ± 1.55	0.008
Patient global assessment	4.10 ± 1.81	2.88 ± 1.31	< 0.001
Peripheral pain/swelling	3.93 ± 1.90	2.89 ± 1.36	0.002
ASDAS: CRP activity state			0.001^a
Inactive (< 1.3)	7 (17.5)	15 (22.1)
Moderate (≥ 1.3 & < 2.1)	7 (17.5)	29 (42.6)
High (≥ 2.1 & ≤ 3.5)	14 (35.0)	22 (32.4)
Very high (> 3.5)	12 (30.0)	2 (2.9)
Past medical history
Sulfasalazine (n = 38)	11 (27.5)	27 (39.7)	NS
Methotrexate (n = 13)	4 (10.0)	9 (13.2)	NS
Anti-TNF agent (n = 26)	13 (32.5)	13 (19.1)	NS
NSAIDs use
Never-use (n = 14)	8 (20.0)	6 (8.8)	NS
Intermittent-use (n = 44)	15 (37.5)	29 (42.6)	NS
Continuous-use (n = 50)	17 (42.5)	33 (48.5)	NS

Values are presented as mean ± SD or number (%).

NS, not significant; AS, ankylosing spondylitis; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; ESR, erythrocyte sediment rate; CRP, Creactive protein; ASDAS, Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; NSAID, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug.

^a Trend analysis (linear-by-linear association) by the categorization of ASDAS-CRP scores.

Table 2.

Sites of involvement revealed by ileocolonoscopy (n = 40)

Site of involvement	No. of patients (%)
Terminal ileum	29 (72.5)
Cecum	17 (42.5)
Ascending colon	14 (35.0)
Transverse colon	12 (30.0)
Descending colon	10 (25.0)
Sigmoid colon	10 (25.0)
Rectum	18 (45.0)
Terminal ileum only	15 (37.5)
Colon only	11 (27.5)
Terminal ileum & Colon	14 (35.0)

Table 3.

Presence of inflammatory lesions with respect to reasons for ileocolonoscopy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Variable	No. of patient	Inflammatory lesions (+), n (%)	Ileocolonoscopic findings, lesions no.
Variable	No. of patient	Inflammatory lesions (+), n (%)	Loss of vascularity	Erythema	Erosion	Ulcer
Symptoms or signs (–)	34	6 (17.6)	1	0	2	4
Symptoms or signs (+)	74	34 (45.9)	2	5	6	25
Diarrhea	22	10 (45.5)	0	2	1	7
Abdominal pain	21	13 (61.9)	1	3	2	10
Rectal bleeding	15	5 (33.3)	0	0	2	4
Anemia	8	4 (50.0)	0	0	1	3
Stool occult blood (+)	5	1 (20.0)	0	0	0	1
Constipation	3	1 (33.3)	1	0	0	0

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