INTRODUCTION
Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by hyperplasia of synovial lining cells, excessive infiltration of mononuclear cells and extensive destruction of the articular cartilage1), and this abnormal proliferation of synovial cells is an important event in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis synovium shows aggressive invasiveness of rheumatoid pannus2), occurrence of newly formed blood vessels3) and pleomorphic fibroblast-like cells with large nuclei and prominent nucleoli4). These features resemble those of preneoplastic conditions and suggest that dysregulation of the apoptosis may play a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
The wild type of p53 gene is tumor suppressor oncogene that behaves as a negative growth regulator and regulator of cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis, but the mutant type of p53 gene behaves in an oncogenic maneuver5,6). Mutations of the p53 gene are the most frequently found of all the known tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes7), and such mutations prolong the half-life of the p53 protein that is normally short(<20 min) and permit its detection using immunohistochemistry8).
Mutation of p53 may play a role in manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis synovium, but several studies on p53 expression in synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis showed conflicting and various results9–13). For that reason, we investigated the amount and pattern of p53 positive cells in rheumatoid arthritis synovium, in comparison with osteoarthritis synovium, by using immunohistochemistry with two other monoclonal antibodies for p53 to examine p53 expression in synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Patients
Synovial tissue specimens were obtained from nine patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing either synovectomy or joint replacement surgery. All patients included in this study satisfied the diagnostic criteria of the American College of Rheumatology14). They were receiving therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and four patients were treated with disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and four patients were receiving low dose prednisone. As a control, synovial tissue samples were also obtained from patients with osteoarthritis undergoing joint replacement surgery. The diagnosis of osteoarthritis was based on typical clinical and radiological features. All patients were receiving therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clinical characteristics of the patients were presented in Table 1. Tissue samples were fixed in 10% formalin at room temperature, immediately after removal.
2. Immunohistochemistry
Commercial p53 monoclonal antibody(DO-1) was purchased from DACO(A/S, USA) and p53 monoclonal antibody(DO-7) was purchased from Santa-Cruz (Biotechnology, USA). They react with wild type and mutant type of p53 protein. We also purchased DACO LSAB plus kit, Peroxidase(DACO A/S, USA).
Consecutive 5 μm thick paraffin embedded sections were prepared, using standard methods. The avidin-biotin complex(ABC) immunoperoxidase staining were performed using the DO-1, DO-7 monoclonal antibodies for p53 and DACO LSAB plus kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol for paraffin sections. p53 positive reaction was recorded when nuclear or cytoplasmic staining was present. Intensity of staining in the synovial lining, inflammatory mononuclear cells, subsynovial fibroblast-like cells and vascular endothelial cells was judged on a 0 to 4+ scale as follows by the pathologist who was blinded to the clinical diagnosis and disease activity: 0, no staining; 1+, rare positive cells or trace staining; 2+, scattered clusters of positive cells; 3+, moderate staining in a specific region; 4+, extensive staining throughout a region.
3. Inflammation index
One section was stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histologic features of inflammation. Six variables were assessed, based on a protocol described previously15,16), with the modification that a grading system of 0–3 was used. Grading was based on polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, hyperemia, fibrin deposition, mononuclear cell infiltration, synovial proliferation and fibrosis. The assessment was made on the whole specimen, both at low power and high power by the pathologist who was blinded to the clinical data(Table 2).
RESULTS
In histologic appearance, synovial tissues, hyperemia, mononuclear cell infiltration, synovial proliferation and fibrosis were observed in the synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis more than in those of osteoarthritis, and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration and fibrin deposition were seen in the synovial tissues of osteoarthritis more than in those of rheumatoid arthritis, but there was no significant difference between the two groups(p > 0.05)(Table 3).
Immunohistochemical evaluation was made with p53 positivity defined as nuclear or cytoplasmic(with or without nuclear staining) patterns, as detected with the DO-1 and DO-7 monoclonal antibodies. In comparing tissue immunoreactivity by DO-1 and DO-7, all the samples showed similar results with both antibodies.
In the synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, p53 positive cells were detected as cytoplasmic pattern in 3 out of 9 samples(33%). One case showed trace staining and two cases showed scattered staining, and the positively stained cells were small and round with characteristics of lymphocytes. Synovial lining cells, subsynovial fibroblast-like cells and vascular endothelial cells were p53 negative. In order to compare p53 expression in the synovial tissues of osteoarthritis, we also investigated synovial samples obtained from patients with osteoarthritis. p53 positive cells were observed as cytoplasmic pattern in 2/5 OA samples(40%). They were inflammatory mononuclear cells that had characteristics of lymphocytes and showed trace staining. In the synovial samples of osteoarthritis, the distribution of p53 positive cells was comparable to that seen in the synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis. There were no striking differences in the amount and pattern of p53 positive cells between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and there was no demonstrable correlation between the two groups with respect to inflammation scores and expression of p53 protein in synovial tissues(Fig. 1)(Table 3).
These results indicate that p53 expression in RA synovial tissue is limited to inflammatory mononuclear cells, and the amount and pattern of p53 positive cells are not significantly different between the synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
DISCUSSION
The p53 gene acts as a molecular guardian for genomic integrity5). If DNA is damaged, p53 is induced, stabilized or activated and arrests the cell until the damage is repaired. If the damage cannot be repaired, p53 might initiate apoptosis. Wild-type p53 is thought to promote apoptosis, whilst mutant p53 has the inhibition of apoptosis6).
Mutant p53 protein, which takes on an abnormal conformation, has a half-life of several hours compared with 20 minutes for the wild-type p538). It accumulates in cells and thus becomes immunologically detective. So, positive immunostainning is indicative of abnormalities of the p53 gene and its product. Although immunohistochemical detection of p53 can be influenced by variables, p53 immunohistochemistry is of value in detecting p53 mutation if appropriate care is taken17). In our study, we used the immunohistochemistry with two monoclonal antibodies for p53, and all the samples showed similar results with both anti-p53 antibodies, DO-1 and DO-7.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease characterized by abnormal proliferation of synovial cells that is important in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis1). The rheumatoid arthritis synovium resembles properties of malignant tumor cells2–4). However, the mechanism of abnormal proliferation of synovial cells is not clear. Most p53 mutations are not inherited and, instead, they arise from a coping error or an attack by a carcinogen. Thus, mutations in p53 may occur in rheumatoid arthritis synovium as a consequence of inflammation and may be associated with synovial proliferation.
To our knowledge, there were five studies on p53 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovium, but their studies showed different and various results9–13). Firestein et al revealed that p53 protein was detected in both cytoplasmic and nuclei of lining cells, lesser amounts of immunoreactive p53 were detected in the sublining mononuclear cells and p53 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovium was significantly more than that in osteoarthritis tissues. So, they suggest that somatic mutations in the p53 genes might occur as a consequence of pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis9,10). Gonagle et al revealed that p53 is not demonstrable in early RA but seen in three of thirteen established rheumatoid arthritis by immunohistochemistry, and they suggest that p53 expression in rheumatoid arthritis may be secondary to DNA damage as a consequence of chronic inflammation, like the results of studies by Firestein et al11). On the other hand, Sugiyama et al showed that p53 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovium was seen only in the cytoplasm of the subsynovial cells. Synovial lining cells and infiltrated lymphocytes did not react with anti-p53 antibodies, and they suggest that p53 oncogene is probably not implicated in the apoptosis process of synovium of rheumatoid arthritis12). Moreover, Murata et al demonstrated that any mutations in p53 gene were not found from exon 4 through 10 in both CD14-positive synoviocytes and fibroblasts of rheumatoid arthritis and, on the contrary, in some patients(2/13) p53 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in CD14-positive cells. They suggest that loss of function of p53 due to decreased p53 gene expression may contribute to the overgrowth of the synovial tissues in rheumatoid arthritis13). Our study indicates that p53 expression was detected in 33% of the synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis and it was limited to cytoplasms of inflammatory mononuclear cells, and there was no significant difference in the amount and pattern of p53 positive cells between the synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The expression of p53 protein was also unrelated to the degree of histologic scores in both groups. We do not know the reason why several studies, including our study on p53 expression in RA synovium, showed conflicting results.
Evidence has been obtained of cytoplasmic p53 gene product localization, not necessarily ascribed to gene mutations18). p53 cytoplasmic localization may be due to binding to viral or cellular products, may be consequent to the ineffective nuclear translocalization and may depend on the conformational and phosphorylation status of the protein19). Therefore, in our study, there is the possibility that the expression of p53 cytoplasmic localization may be not due to mutations in RA and OA synovial tissues. The expression of other proto-oncogenes in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue has been documented in several studies, but it has remained unclear whether transforming oncogenes are also present20–22). Therefore, we also believe that the exact expression and role of p53 gene, as well as other proto-oncogenes, remain to be clearly established in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
It has been reported that the presence of anti-p53 antibodies may have been associated with the accumulation of mutant p53 proteins in the tumor and they can be considered a marker for the presence of mutations in cancers23,24). It will be also necessary and interesting to examine anti-p53 antibodies in rheumatic diseases, and that will be also helpful in understanding the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases. We are continuing the study on anti-p53 antibodies in rheumatic diseases.
In conclusion, our study showed that, in contrast to other studies, p53 expression was only restricted to inflammatory mononuclear cells, the amount and pattern of p53 positive cells are not significantly different between the synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and that there was no correlation between inflammation scores and expression of p53 protein in synovial tissues of both groups. These findings suggest that altered p53 expression may not play a significant role in the manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis synovium. However, these data need to be strengthened by increasing the number of samples and molecular biology approaches, and the precise role of p53 remains the subject of ongoing study.
PDF Links
PubReader
ePub Link
XML Download
Full text via DOI
Download Citation
Print
