Induction chemotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity: a role in organ preservation
Article information
Abstract
Background/Aims:
The role of induction chemotherapy (IC) for eyeball preservation has not been established in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) of the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity (PNSNC). Periorbital involvement frequently leads to eyeball exenteration with a margin of safety. We evaluated the treatment outcomes, including survival and eyeball preservation, of patients who received IC for HNSCC of the PNSNC.
Methods:
We reviewed 21 patients diagnosed with HNSCC of the PNSNC who were treated with IC. We analyzed response, eyeball preservation rate, and overall survival.
Results:
Tumors were located in the paranasal sinus (n = 14) or nasal cavity (n = 7). Most patients had stage T4a (n = 10) or T4b (n = 7) disease. More than half of the patients received a chemotherapy regimen of docetaxel, fluorouracil, and cisplatin (n = 11). Thirteen patients (61.9%) achieved a partial response after IC and 15 patients (71.4%) achieved T down-staging. Among 17 patients with stage T4 disease, which confers a high risk of orbital exenteration, 14 (82.4%) achieved preservation of the involved eye. The 3-year overall survival (OS) rate of patients who achieved a partial response to IC was 84.6%. The 3-year OS rate of patients with stable disease or disease progression after IC was 25.0% (p = 0.038).
Conclusions:
IC could be considered for down-staging patients with advanced T-stage disease. It could also be a reasonable option for eyeball preservation in locally advanced HNSCC of the PNSNC.
INTRODUCTION
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) accounts for nearly 10% of all malignancies, and paranasal sinus and nasal cavity (PNSNC) neoplasms represent 3% of head and neck malignancies [1,2]. Although tumors of the PNSNC are relatively rare, treatment planning for cancer of the PNSNC is challenging because of its heterogenous behavior and proximity to vital structures such as the orbit, skull base, and brain. Historically, the preferred treatment for tumors of the PNSNC, as well as HNSCC of other sites, consisted of en bloc resection of the primary tumor. This method has been replaced by less-invasive but equally effective treatments such as definitive radiotherapy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) [3-6]. Despite the availability of such advanced modalities, the overall survival (OS) rate of HNSCC of the PNSNC has not improved and the 5-year survival rate has remained approximately 40% to 50% [7-10]. Moreover, the risk of orbital invasion and the need for eyeball exenteration represent extreme deterioration of quality of life for patients with HNSCC of the PNSNC. Approximately 12% to 40% of patients with locally advanced HNSCC of the PNSNC eventually undergo eyeball exenteration [11-14].
The benefits of induction chemotherapy were first noted from evidence that suggested that chemotherapy improved the organ preservation rate and reduced distant metastasis in laryngeal cancer [15,16]. Although most studies of induction chemotherapy in HNSCC have focused on larynx preservation, some attempts have been made to establish the effects of induction chemotherapy on eyeball preservation in cancer of the PNSNC, which confers a high risk of orbital invasion. To date, encouraging organ preservation rates have been reported [17-19], but actual orbital preservation rates could be better than reported since the most effective chemotherapy regimen was not used in these previous studies; the regimen of docetaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil, which is more effective than previous regimens, is now the standard of care and is used frequently [20-22]. We previously reported treatment outcomes of definitive radiotherapy in patients diagnosed with HNSCC of the PNSNC at Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) and we showed that patients treated with induction chemotherapy had favorable OS compared to those who were not treated with chemotherapy (p = 0.037) [23]. In a recent retrospective study of induction chemotherapy containing a taxane and platinum in HNSCC of the PNSNC, 67% of patients achieved at least a partial response and only six out of 46 patients failed to preserve the involved eye [24]. These findings imply that adequate induction chemotherapy can save the involved eye in patients with orbital invasion.
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the role of induction chemotherapy in locally advanced HNSCC of the PNSNC in terms of survival and organ preservation rates.
METHODS
Study population
We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients who were diagnosed with HNSCC of the PNSNC who were treated at SNUH from August 2005 to March 2012. For the analysis, we included adult patients aged 18 years or older with primary squamous carcinoma of the PNSNC who were treated with induction chemotherapy. Other inclusion criteria included having more than one measurable lesion according to the response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (RECIST) 1.1 [25]; an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) of 0 to 2; and adequate hematologic, hepatic, and renal functions. We analyzed the following variables during a review of the medical records of included patients: sex; diagnosis date; age; ECOG PS; history of other malignancies; tumor location; TNM stage according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual, 7th edition, which defined stage T3 as a tumor invading the orbital floor, stage T4a as a tumor invading the orbital contents, and stage T4b as a tumor invading the orbital apex [26]; induction regimen; induction response; whether a salvage operation was performed; whether the eyeball was preserved; and the date of last follow-up or death.
Treatment
The treatment modality was decided by a multidisciplinary team. Bulky nodal status, advanced T- or N-stage, and the possibility of eyeball preservation after induction chemotherapy influenced the treatment decision. Induction chemotherapy was cycled every 3 weeks and induction regimens included docetaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil. Following induction chemotherapy, patients received definitive treatment such as CCRT, radiotherapy alone, and operation. CCRT regimens consisted of conventional standard fractionated radiotherapy of more than 60 Gy for primary tumor and regional lymph nodes, with concurrent chemotherapy with weekly administration of cisplatin 35 mg/m2.
Response evaluation and outcome measurement
We assessed complete physical examinations and all imaging studies, including magnetic resonance images or computed tomography of the head and neck, for all patients. Follow-up imaging was performed after two (n = 8) or three (n = 13) cycles of induction chemotherapy and responses were evaluated according to RECIST version 1.1 [25]. T down-staging was defined as a reduction of T-stage from T4b to T4a or T4a to a lower stage. The primary objective of our study was to quantify the eyeball preservation rate and OS according to response to induction chemotherapy. Eyeball preservation was defined as eyeball function that was not disrupted by salvage operation, including eyeball exenteration, or progression of an inoperable tumor. A tumor was determined to be inoperable by a multidisciplinary team that included surgeons and radiologists [11-14]. Follow-up imaging was performed at 4 to 8 weeks after the end of definitive treatment, then every 3 to 6 months until progression or death. OS was measured from the date of diagnosis until death or the date of last follow-up, if censored.
Safety and compliance assessment
Adverse events were monitored and recorded every cycle of induction chemotherapy according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0. Compliance of definitive treatment of CCRT or RT was defined as good if patient received more than 90% of pre-planned dose of radiotherapy.
Statistical analysis
We used the chi-square test to determine the associations between response to chemotherapy and clinicopathologic parameters. We also conducted Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox regression analyses of OS. Results were considered significant when p values were less than 0.05. Analyses were completed with STATA software version 12 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA).
Ethics
The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of SNUH (approval number: H-1307-051-504) and was conducted in accordance with the Principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
RESULTS
Patient characteristics
Baseline characteristics of patients are listed in Table 1. The median follow-up duration was 83.1 months (range, 28.8 to 109.1). The median age was 57 years (range, 24 to 75) and 15 of the patients (71.4%) were male. Tumors were located in the paranasal sinus (n = 14) or the nasal cavity (n = 7). Most patients had stage T4a (n = 10) or T4b (n = 7) disease. Induction chemotherapy regimens were docetaxel plus flourouracil plus cisplatin (n = 11), docetaxel plus flourouracil (n = 8), and docetaxel plus cisplatin (n = 2). Fifteen patients (71.4%) received three cycles of induction chemotherapy and six patients (28.6%) received two cycles. Mean cycle of induction chemotherapy was 2.7. Thirteen patients (61.9%) achieved a partial response after induction chemotherapy and 15 patients (71.4%) achieved T down-staging. Toxicity profile during induction chemotherapy was summarized in Table 2. Overall, induction chemotherapy was tolerable with except nausea and neutropenia (grade 3 or 4: 14.3% and 9.5%, respectively). Sixteen patients (76.2%) tolerated full-dose of induction chemotherapy, but four patients (19%) and one patient (4.8%) had 80% and 75% of pre-planned dose, respectively. However, all patients had good compliance during the definitive treatment of CCRT or RT.
Patient characteristics
Toxicity profile of induction chemotherapy
After induction chemotherapy, 14 patients underwent definitive radiotherapy either with concurrent chemotherapy with weekly administration of cisplatin (n = 11) or radiotherapy alone (n = 3). Six patients underwent a salvage operation and one patient was lost to follow-up after induction chemotherapy.
Patients who achieved either stable disease or progressive disease after induction chemotherapy were older, had higher T-stages, and received more salvage operations than patients who achieved a partial response, but these differences were not statistically significant. All patients who achieved a partial response also achieved T down-staging and eyeball preservation. Six out of eight patients with stable or progressive disease did not achieve T down-staging, and three patients eventually lost an eyeball during the follow-up period.
Eyeball preservation after induction chemotherapy
Patients with HNSCC of the PNSNC who had stage T4a or T4b disease were at risk of orbital penetration [13,14]. All of the patients who had a T-stage lower than T4 (n = 4) preserved their eyeballs after induction chemotherapy (Fig. 1). However, half of the patients (5 out of 10) with stage T4a disease required a salvage operation and two of these patients lost an eyeball: one underwent orbital exenteration and the other had a tumor that was inoperable due to massive invasion of the orbital cavity. More than half of the patients with stage T4b disease (4 out of 7) also underwent a salvage operation; only one of these patients underwent orbital exenteration.
Flow diagram of patients included in the study. Of 17 patients with stage T4 disease, only three patients lost an eyeball during the follow-up period. CCRT, concurrent chemo radiotherapy; op, operation; ObE, orbital exenteration; RT, radiotherapy.
Survival according to response to induction chemotherapy
During the follow-up period, 3- and 5-year OS rates of patients with a partial response to induction chemotherapy were 84.6% and 65.8%, respectively. In patients with stable or progressive disease, the 3- and 5-year OS rates were both 25% (p = 0.036) (Fig. 2A). Patients who achieved T down-staging had longer OS than those who did not achieve T down-staging (3-year OS, 80% vs. 16.7%; 5-year OS, 64% vs. 16.7%; p = 0.027) (Fig. 2B). OS according to stage and N-stage were graphed in Supplementary Fig. 1. Patients with N-stage more than 1 had poorer OS than N0 disease (3-year OS, 71.4% vs. 42.9%; p = 0.031).
Kaplan-Meier curves of patients according to response to induction chemotherapy (A) and T down-staging after induction chemotherapy (B). Numbers in the graph indicate the probability of survival at 3 years and at 5 years. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; ICT, induction chemotherapy; SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; T down, T down-staging.
DISCUSSION
In the current study, we observed beneficial effects of induction chemotherapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the PNSNC on organ preservation and OS according to response to chemotherapy. Of the 21 patients included in our analysis, three patients who did not respond to induction chemotherapy eventually lost the involved eyeball. However, all patients who achieved a partial response or T down-staging after induction chemotherapy preserved the eyeball and achieved a favorable overall prognosis.
Although the role of induction chemotherapy has been well-established in organ preservation [15,16], the survival benefits from induction chemotherapy have been controversial in locally advanced HNSCC. Randomized phase III trials that compared induction chemotherapy before definitive CCRT and CCRT alone, which is the standard treatment regimen for locally advanced HNSCC, failed to show any survival benefits of adding induction chemotherapy [27-29]. Although a recent trial showed significant OS benefits of induction chemotherapy, the benefits were false positives since the survival benefits were abolished in patients who were assigned to cisplatin as the CCRT regimen and in patients with oropharyngeal cancer, which composed more than half of the cohort [30]. Considering the low incidence of tumors arising from the PNSNC, patients with PNSNC tumors were not included in previous studies and there have been no published prospective trials regarding the effects of induction chemotherapy on survival in HNSCC of the PNSNC.
In the current study, we observed survival outcomes after induction chemotherapy in patients with tumors arising from the PNSNC. A total of 61.9% of patients achieved a partial response to induction chemotherapy and the 3-year OS rate of these patients was 84.6%. This result is comparable to results of a previous study, which showed a response rate of 67% and a 2-year OS rate of 77% in patients who achieved either partial response or stable disease [24]. An important finding of the current study is that all patients who achieved a partial response to induction chemotherapy were saved from orbital exenteration, which might have been required in patients with stage T4 disease (n = 9) if induction chemotherapy had not been administered. However, eight out of 21 patients (38.1%) failed to achieve a partial response to chemotherapy and the 3-year OS rate of these patients was significantly lower (25%) than patients who achieved a partial response. Additionally, these patients suffered a higher risk of orbital loss either by orbital exenteration (n = 2) or inoperable eyeball invasion (n = 1). Previous reports have presented advances in surgical techniques and adjuvant radiotherapy that may improve eyeball preservation [31,32], but induction chemotherapy could be considered for increasing eyeball preservation rates in patients with advanced T-stage HNSCC of the PNSNC.
Previous trials have shown that patients who complete induction chemotherapy, as noted by an analysis of intention-to-treat cohorts, benefit from chemotherapy [29]. Moreover, in a comparison of survival outcomes of adding induction chemotherapy to definitive CCRT in our institution, a subgroup analysis revealed that patients who achieved at least a partial response attained significant survival benefits compared to patients who received CCRT alone (unpublished). Therefore, it is important to select patients who would tolerate and benefit from induction chemotherapy. However, it is difficult to determine who would benefit from induction chemotherapy since we observed no significant differences in clinicopathologic characteristics between patients who achieved a partial response and patients with stable disease or progressive disease in the current study.
This study has several limitations. The small number of patients included in the analysis does not allow for significant differences to be discerned between subgroups according to response to induction chemotherapy or orbital preservation. Moreover, the current study had a retrospective design, so the included patients might not be representative cases of all diagnosed patients. For example, the cohort may have included a high number of healthy patients who tolerated induction chemotherapy, which might have resulted in better outcomes than expected. Nevertheless, considering the very low incidence of HNSCC of the PNSNC and the results of the current study, we conclude that induction chemotherapy may offer improved organ preservation and favorable survival. We focused on the effects of induction chemotherapy for this analysis, and the timing of salvage surgery and surgical techniques were not established. These factors might have affected the final outcomes of organ preservation.
In conclusion, patients with HNSCC of the PNSNC, especially advanced T-stage disease, who responded to induction chemotherapy experienced increased rates of organ preservation and OS. Well-designed prospective trials are needed to establish the efficacy of induction chemotherapy in tumors arising from the PNSNC.
KEY MESSAGE
1. Induction chemotherapy in the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer showed overall response rate of 61.9%.
2. In high risk of orbital exenteration, 82.4% achieved preservation of the eye due to induction chemotherapy.
3. Induct ion chemotherapy is ef fective for down-staging patients with advanced T-stage.
Notes
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Seoul National University Hospital Research Fund (Grant No. 30-2013-0070).