Computed Tomographic Analysis of Gallbladder Stones: Correlation with Chemical Composition and In Vitro Shock-wave Lithotripsy

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Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Recent advances in gallstone therapy, such as chemical dissolution, oral bile acid therapy, and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL), have generated interest in the ability of imaging methods to determine the chemical composition of gallstones and potentially to predict the efficacy of these nonsurgical gallstone therapies¹⁾.

The most important factor determining the result of this nonsurgical therapy is to find cholesterol stones consisting of the least amount of calcium. So we classified the calcification patterns and measured the Hounsefied units (HU) of gallstones by computed tomography (CT) and investigated the relationship between the CT finding and chemical composition. Also, we studied the factors of gallstones affecting response to ESWL.

METHODS

In anticipation of the role of CT in selecting patients for nonsurgical gallstone therapy such as ESWL, this study was undertaken to (a) determine the CT patterns of gallstone appearances, (b) correlate these patterns with their chemical composition, and (c) find the contributing factors to the number of shocks required to attain the endpoint (fragment stone size ≤2 mm).

1) Gallbladder stones were surgically removed from 53 patients and maintained in normal saline.

2) The color, diameter and volume of each stone were recorded, and the volume of each was measured by the water immersion method.

3) CT examinations (GE 9800 Quick) of gallstones were performed in custom-made plexiglass-and-water body phantom by 5 mm collimations (Fig. 1, 2).

Fig. 1

Phantom for CT analysis.

Fig. 2

Gallstone CT with phantom.

4) CT attenuation values (Hounsefield units, HU) were obtained from the highest and lowest density area of a stone. The attenuation value of each stone was recorded as an average density of the above values.

5) Shock-wave lithotripsy (MPL 9000, Dornier) was performed with a saline-filled condom and the number of shocks required to attain the endpoint (fragment size ≤2 mm) was recorded (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3

Shock-wave lithotripsy with phantom.

6) The chemical composition of the stones was measured by infrared spectroscopy.

RESULTS

Five CT patterns could be indentified and categorized as dense (n=17), faint (n=3), rimmed (n=6), laminated (n=23) and isodense (n=4) (Table 1). The dense pattern showed a homogenous increase in CT attenuation value. The laminated pattern showed alternating regions of higher and lower densities. The rimmed pattern showed a peripheral rim of higher attenuation value surrounding a homogenous, lower-density center. An isodense pattern was categorized when a stone couldn’t be seen within the saline-filled chamber. A faint pattern showed a slightly lower density than a dense pattern (Fig 4).

Table 1

Distribution of CT Patterns of Gallstones

Fig. 4

Five patterns of gallstones by CT analysis.

A. Dense pattern

B. Laminated pattern

C. Rimmed pattern

D. Faint pattern

E. Isodense pattern

Considering the relation between the CT pattern and the chemical composition of the gallstone, we observed the highest cholesterol content (104.8±69.5 mg%) in the isodense stones and the lowest (3.3±2.3 mg%) in the dense stones. In contrast, the highest calcium content (84.4±42.4 mg%) was measured in the dense stones and the lowest (41.4±26.3 mg%) in the isodense stones (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5

Chemical Composition.

Considering the relation between the Hounsefield units and the chemical composition of the gallstones, a negative correlation betweeen the attenuation values and cholesterol content and a positive correlation between the calcium content and attenuation values (Hounsefield unit) were observed (p<0.01) (Fig. 6, 7).

Fig. 6

H.U. vs calcium.

Fig. 7

H.U. vs cholesterol.

Classifying the gallstones in 4 subgroups by Hounsefield unit such as ≤50, 50–100, 100–200 and > 200, the stones with ≤50 Hounsefield unit showed the lowest calcium content (16.9±14.3 mg%) and highest cholesterol content (163.3±47 mg%) (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8

H.U. vs chemical composition.

A positive correlation between stone volume and the number of shocks required to attain the endpoint (fragment stone ≤2 mm) was observed (p<0.001, Fig. 9). The number of shockwaves needed to break down gallstones less than 2 mm in size increased as the cholesterol content increased but did not have any correlation with the calcium content level (Fig. 10, 11).

Fig. 9

Stone volume vs shock-wave number.

Fig. 10

Cholesterol vs shock-wave number.

Fig. 11

Calcuimvs shock-wave number.

DISCUSSION

Gallstone lithotripsy and chemolysis represent dramatic departures from the traditional surgical treatment of cholelithiasis²⁾. Since the 1980’s many reports show a tendency of a higher prevalence of cholesterol gallstones in Korea³⁾. So there is the future possibility that nonsurgical therapy of gallstones will be utilized more frequently in our country.

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) usually requires adjuvant oral bile acid therapy to achieve complete dissolution of gallstones⁴⁾. Of course, adjuvant litholytic therapy is only of value in cholesterol stones⁵⁾. Normally these stones are radiolucent, but radiolucent gallstones frequently contain significant calcium deposits. Their detection is important in the evaluation of patients for medical gallstone dissolution therapy^1,5).

Plain X-ray of the abdomen and oral cholecystography are the diagnostic methods presently used for distinguishing calcified from radiolucent stones^6–8). It has been shown that, in about 20% of the patients, the radiolucent stones contain significant amounts of calcium⁹⁾. This finding is probably responsible for many of the treatment failures. Hence more sensitive diagnostic aids are desirable for detecting calcium in radiolucent stones.

With the advent of chemical dissolution and lithotripsy for the treatment of gallstones, use of imaging techniques to determine the chemical composition of gallstones has become important. Although CT has been proposed as a means of selecting patients for these nonsurgical therapies, investigation into the significance of the CT appearances of gallstones has been limited. Our results suggest that the CT appearances and CT density (Hounsefield unit) relate closely to the concentration of cholesterol.

A study by Hickman et al.¹⁰⁾ reveals that stones with a CT density of 50 HU or greater are not soluble in chenodeoxycholic acid, whereas 50% of those with a density of less than 50 HU show significant dissolution. Our data also showed that gallstones with a density of less than 50 HU had the highest cholesterol and lowest calcium content.

Although CT is less sensitive than abdominal sonography in detecting gallstones¹¹⁾, our data show that five CT patterns can be indentified that have varied chemical compositions. Among the five patterns, gallstones with isodense patterns had the highest cholesterol and lowest calcium content. As above, the CT density and CT pattern may be of help in distinguishing between non-cholesterol and cholesterol stones. Only the latter are amenable to adjuvant litholytic therapy, which may be important for the complete disappearance of the fragments. Considering the cost of ESWL and following oral bile acid therapy, a computed tomographic scan would be a cost effective patient selection parameter if the stones do not float on oral cholecystography¹²⁾.

In summary, the CT appearances and density of gallstones will be a useful finding to predict the chemical composition and success of nonsurgical therapy for gallstones. Also, in vivo CT analysis of gallstones for selection of ESWL candidates is desirable, because ESWL is a very expensive treatment modality.

CONCLUSION

The role of CT in predicting the chemical composition of gallstones and selecting patients for ESWL was investigated.

1) Five CT patterns could be identified and categorized as dense (n=17), faint (n=3), rimmed (n=6), laminated (n=23) and isodense (n=4).

2) The highest cholesterol content (104.8±69.5 mg%) was encountered in isodense stones and the lowest (41.4±26.6 mg%) in dense stones. The highest calcium content (84.4±42.4 mg%) in dense stones. The hishest calcium content (84.4±42.4 mg%) was encountered in dense stones and the lowest (3.3±2.3 mg%) in isodense stones.

3) A negative correlation was noted between the attenuation values (Hounsefield units) and cholesterol content (p<0.001), and there was a positive correlation between the calcium content and attenuation values (p<0.01).

4) Stones with a density of less than 50 Hounsefield units showed the lowest calcium content (16.9±14.3 mg%) and the highest cholesterol content (163.3±47 mg%).

5) There was a positive correlation between stone volume and the number of shocks required to attain the endpoint (fragmented stone ≤2 mm) (p<0.001).

In conclusion, the CT appearance and CT density of gallstones can predict their chemical compositions and outcome of nonsurgical gallstone therapy.

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